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Global, regional and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults 1980-2013: A systematic analysis
BACKGROUND: In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of life lost, and 3.8% of DALYs globally. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. Comparative, up-to-date information on levels and trends is essential both to quantify population health effects and to prompt decision-makers to prioritize action. METHODS: We systematically identified surveys, reports, and published studies (n = 1,769) that included information on height and weight, both through physical measurements and self-reports. Mixed effects linear regression was used to correct for the bias in self-reports. Age-sex-country-year observations (n = 19,244) on prevalence of obesity and overweight were synthesized using a spatio-temporal Gaussian Process Regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals. FINDINGS: Globally, the proportion of adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or greater increased from 28.8% (95% UI: 28.4-29.3) in 1980 to 36.9% (36.3-37.4) in 2013 for men and from 29.8% (29.3-30.2) to 38.0% (37.5-38.5) for women. Increases were observed in both developed and developing countries. There have been substantial increases in prevalence among children and adolescents in developed countries, with 23.8% (22.9-24.7) of boys and 22.6% (21.7-23.6) of girls being either overweight or obese in 2013. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is also rising among children and adolescents in developing countries as well, rising from 8.1% (7.7-8.6) to 12.9% (12.3-13.5) in 2013 for boys and from 8.4% (8.1-8.8) to 13.4% (13.0-13.9) in girls. Among adults, estimated prevalence of obesity exceeds 50% among men in Tonga and women in Kuwait, Kiribati, Federated States of Micronesia, Libya, Qatar, Tonga, and Samoa. Since 2006, the increase in adult obesity in developed countries has stabilized. INTERPRETATION: Because of the established health risks and substantial increases in prevalence, obesity has become a major global health challenge. Contrary to other major global risks, there is little evidence of successful population-level intervention strategies to reduce exposure. Not only is obesity increasing, but there are no national success stories over the past 33 years. Urgent global action and leadership is required to assist countries to more effectively intervene.
The GBD 2013 Obesity Collaboration Ng, Marie Fleming, Tom Robinson, Margaret Thomson, Blake Graetz, Nicholas Margono, Christopher Mullany, Erin C. Biryukov, Stan Abbafati, Cristiana Abera, Semaw Ferede Abraham, Jerry P. Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E. Achoki, Tom AlBuhairan, Fadia S. Alemu, Zewdie A. Alfonso, Rafael Ali, Mohammed K. Ali, Raghib Guzman, Nelson Alvis Ammar, Walid Anwari, Palwasha Banerjee, Amitava Barquera, Simon Basu, Sanjay Bennett, Derrick A. Bhutta, Zulfiqar Blore, Jed Cabral, Norberto Nonato, Ismael Campos Chang, Jung-Chen Chowdhury, Rajiv Courville, Karen J. Criqui, Michael H. Cundiff, David K. Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C. Dandona, Lalit Davis, Adrian Dayama, Anand Dharmaratne, Samath D. Ding, Eric L. Durrani, Adnan M. Esteghamati, Alireza Farzadfar, Farshad Fay, Derek F. J. Feigin, Valery L. Flaxman, Abraham Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. Goto, Atsushi Green, Mark A. Gupta, Rajeev Hafezi-Nejad, Nima Hankey, Graeme J. Harewood, Heather C. Havmoeller, Rasmus Hay, Simon Hernandez, Lucia Husseini, Abdullatif Idrisov, Bulat T. Ikeda, Nayu Islami, Farhad Jahangir, Eiman Jassal, Simerjot K. Jee, Sun Ha Jeffreys, Mona Jonas, Jost B. Kabagambe, Edmond K. Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Kengne, Andre Pascal Khader, Yousef Saleh Khang, Young-Ho Kim, Daniel Kimokoti, Ruth W. Kinge, Jonas M. Kokubo, Yoshihiro Kosen, Soewarta Kwan, Gene Lai, Taavi Leinsalu, Mall Li, Yichong Liang, Xiaofeng Liu, Shiwei Logroscino, Giancarlo Lotufo, Paulo A. Lu, Yuan Ma, Jixiang Mainoo, Nana Kwaku Mensah, George A. Merriman, Tony R. Mokdad, Ali H. Moschandreas, Joanna Naghavi, Mohsen Naheed, Aliya Nand, Devina Narayan, K. M. Venkat Nelson, Erica Leigh Neuhouser, Marian L. Nisar, Muhammad Imran Ohkubo, Takayoshi Oti, Samuel O. Pedroza, Andrea Prabhakaran, Dorairaj Roy, Nobhojit Sampson, Uchechukwu Seo, Hyeyoung Sepanlou, Sadaf G. Shibuya, Kenji Shiri, Rahman Shiue, Ivy Singh, Gitanjali M. Singh, Jasvinder A. Skirbekk, Vegard Stapelberg, Nicolas J. C. Sturua, Lela Sykes, Bryan L. Tobias, Martin Tran, Bach X. Trasande, Leonardo Toyoshima, Hideaki van de Vijver, Steven Vasankari, Tommi J. Veerman, J. Lennert Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich Vollset, Stein Emil Vos, Theo Wang, Claire Wang, Sharon XiaoRong Weiderpass, Elisabete Werdecker, Andrea Wright, Jonathan L. Yang, Y. Claire Yatsuya, Hiroshi Yoon, Jihyun Yoon, Seok-Jun Zhao, Yong Zhou, Maigeng Zhu, Shankuan Lopez, Alan D. Murray, Christopher J. L. Gakidou, Emmanuela
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